Titanic is probably the most famous ship ever. However, it was not the only one of its type. Three Titanic-style ocean liners were built in 1900s for White Star Line. The lead ship of the class was the Olympic. The third was the Britannic.
The three ocean-liners were built for transatlantic voyages. The focus was on luxury and speed. The liners could manage speed up to 23 knots (43 km/h). With a displacement of more than 45000 tons, they were some of the biggest liners in the world. Olympic remained as the world’s biggest ship for a brief time until 1913.
The ships had a passenger capacity of about 2500. The crew and officers, when added up, made the ships’ total personnel on board of more than 3000.
The ships were expensive. Cost on one ship was about $ 7 million ($ 177 million in 2008 when inflation adjusted).
The ships were pretty luxurious. There were three classes of passengers. First class passengers enjoyed lavish cabins, large dining rooms, a smoking room, a gym, a Turkish bath and several other places for meals and entertainment. The most deluxe two cabins also had private promenade decks. The second-class passengers were well looked after too. Each passenger had a private cabin. The class also had a smoking room, dining room and a library. Lastly, the third-class passengers were reasonably comfortable as compared to third-class passengers on other ships. They lived in cabins of four, six or eight bunks. They also had a common area and a dining room. Britannic provided them more comfort than the others.
As it is very well known, Titanic sank during its maiden voyage in 1912. Britannic suffered a similar fate. Although she was meant to be a transatlantic voyager, but World War 1 started and she was converted into a hospital ship. Her duty was to bring injured soldiers from fronts back to Britain. Unfortunately, in 1916, she hit a mine and sank due to the damage taken. 1036 lives were saved and only 30 men lost their lives in the disaster.
Olympic, however, had a better luck. She served as a transport ship in The Great War. In 1918, she rammed into a German U-boat, sinking it. She survived the war and continued service. Eventually, she was retired in 1935 and was sold for scrap.
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posté le 17/11/2011 à 01h39
Technology is advancing by leap and bounds. New and beneficial inventions are being made everyday. Solar cell also known as photovoltaic cell is one of the greatest inventions of science.
Photovoltaic cell is a device which converts light energy directly into electrical energy. It uses the photovoltaic effect to convert light into electricity. The device is really good because it does not need any long cables entering the house.
These cells are encapsulated in glass sheets, called module. A photovoltaic cell is made from a semi conductor material. Usually crystalline silicone is used. Sometimes this material is pilled over one and other. This reduces the material used and also increases the efficiency of solar cell. The glass sheet protects the wafers of cell from rain, hail etc.
A solar cell is placed where it is likely to receive maximum sunlight. Sunlight passes through the glass sheet and is trapped inside it. It is then converted to electric power. These solar cells may be connected in series or in parallel or both. When solar cells are connected in series they produce some additional voltage. While when these cells are connected in parallel then high current is yield. Solar cell can also be connected both in series and parallel to get the desired value of peak DC voltage and current.
Sunlight is composed of small energy packets called photons. When sunlight hits the solar panel, it is absorbed in the semi conductor material. The electrons of the material are loosely bound. They are knocked out of the atom and flow through the material in order to produce electricity. The composition of semi conductor material is such that it allows the directed motion of electron. This directed movement is due to drift velocity. Then combination of solar cells covert it into electrical energy. This electrical energy is then used as the direct current in homes or other buildings.
The usual lifespan of solar cell is twenty years. Panel is expected to work for almost thirty five years. This is really a nice warranty that is you don‘t have to change or repair the photovoltaic solar system after every few weeks.
Photovoltaic solar cell technology is popular among following countries:
• Germany
• Spain
• Japan
• United States
• Italy
• Czech Republic
• Belgium
• China
• France
• and very little in India.
Solar cells produce clean and silent energy. They do not use any type of fuel except sunlight. Furthermore they also do not release harmful materials in the environment.Solar cells do not make noise. Besides there are a few disadvantages also. Solar cells are more expensive then conventional electricity systems. But you need to invest once then it works at least for twenty years without any damage. Secondly it depends on sunlight. If sunlight is not enough for a long time then shortage of power can occur.
In short solar cell is a revolutionary invention. It serves as an alternative source of electrical energy.
Photovoltaic cell is a device which converts light energy directly into electrical energy. It uses the photovoltaic effect to convert light into electricity. The device is really good because it does not need any long cables entering the house.
These cells are encapsulated in glass sheets, called module. A photovoltaic cell is made from a semi conductor material. Usually crystalline silicone is used. Sometimes this material is pilled over one and other. This reduces the material used and also increases the efficiency of solar cell. The glass sheet protects the wafers of cell from rain, hail etc.
A solar cell is placed where it is likely to receive maximum sunlight. Sunlight passes through the glass sheet and is trapped inside it. It is then converted to electric power. These solar cells may be connected in series or in parallel or both. When solar cells are connected in series they produce some additional voltage. While when these cells are connected in parallel then high current is yield. Solar cell can also be connected both in series and parallel to get the desired value of peak DC voltage and current.
Sunlight is composed of small energy packets called photons. When sunlight hits the solar panel, it is absorbed in the semi conductor material. The electrons of the material are loosely bound. They are knocked out of the atom and flow through the material in order to produce electricity. The composition of semi conductor material is such that it allows the directed motion of electron. This directed movement is due to drift velocity. Then combination of solar cells covert it into electrical energy. This electrical energy is then used as the direct current in homes or other buildings.
The usual lifespan of solar cell is twenty years. Panel is expected to work for almost thirty five years. This is really a nice warranty that is you don‘t have to change or repair the photovoltaic solar system after every few weeks.
Photovoltaic solar cell technology is popular among following countries:
• Germany
• Spain
• Japan
• United States
• Italy
• Czech Republic
• Belgium
• China
• France
• and very little in India.
Solar cells produce clean and silent energy. They do not use any type of fuel except sunlight. Furthermore they also do not release harmful materials in the environment.Solar cells do not make noise. Besides there are a few disadvantages also. Solar cells are more expensive then conventional electricity systems. But you need to invest once then it works at least for twenty years without any damage. Secondly it depends on sunlight. If sunlight is not enough for a long time then shortage of power can occur.
In short solar cell is a revolutionary invention. It serves as an alternative source of electrical energy.
